Queen Scallop!

The Queen Scallop!

By Connie Gould

Introduction

Classification:

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Order: Ostreoida

Family: Pectinidae

Genus: Aequipecten

Species: A. opercularis

Introduction

A. opercularis, or, by its common name, the queen scallop, is most commonly found at the bottoms of seas and oceans, except in rocky areas. They can live at depths of 1,312 feet, but are most commonly found at depths of about 130 feet. They are found in the Mediterranean Sea and East Atlantic coast, and are commonly found in bodies of water surrounding areas from Norway to the Cape Verde Islands, and are raised on experimental farms in Spain, France, and the U.K. As a species, the queen scallop is not considered threatened or endangered.

Anatomy

The queen scallop possesses two laterally located valves, or shells, characteristic of their class. The valves are flat and round, and 20 ribs extend out from the umbo. Small, winglike extensions that are unequal in size are found on either side of the umbo. The color of their shell varies; the color can be either spotted or solid, and white red and orange are the most common colors. The right valve is typically lighter in color than the left, and the inside of both valves is white. The edge of the mantle possesses many sensitive tentacles that have eyes. They are typically around 7 cm in size, and therefore are one of the smaller species of scallop that is exploited by humans.

Form and Function

The queen scallop’s diet consists of plankton and other tiny plants and animals floating in the water. They are suspension feeders, which means they depend on ciliary currents produced by their gills to get their food. Gland cells on the gills secrete large amounts of mucus, which captures food particles suspended in the water. Ciliary tracts then move the particles to the mouth. In the stomach, a crystalline style keeps the food particles moving, enzymes for extracellular digestion dissolving off of the rod as it rotates. Particles are then directed to the digestive gland, where they undergo intracellular digestion. The two valves of a queen scallop are located laterally (at the sides), and are held together by a hinge ligament. Adductor muscles draw the valves together. Above the hinge ligament is the umbo, the oldest part of the shell. Their valves are primarily used for protection against predators. Predators include sea stars, gastropods, and cephalopods. Their visceral mass is suspended from the dorsal midline, and they have a muscular foot that connects to the visceral mass. Queen scallops have a three-chambered heart that pumps blood through the gills and mantle for oxygenation. The heart also pumps blood to the kidneys for the excretion of waste. The queen scallop can escape danger by “swimming.” It extends its muscular foot, and blood is pumped into the foot, resulting in a swelling that allows the foot to act as an anchor. Longitudinal muscles contract to pull the scallop forward. Queen scallops are monoecious (hermaphroditic); they start their life as males and their gender changes over time. For reproduction, they release spermatozoids and eggs into the water during mating season, and fertilization takes place.

Impact on the World/Humanity

Queen scallops are of great economic importance. They are raised in commercial fisheries most commonly in countries in western Europe, and are frequently found on the menu in upscale restaurants. They are an important part of the marine food web, as they are eaten by cephalopods, which are also a source of food for humans. The queen scallop’s colourful valves can also be worn as jewelry.

Journal Article Review

The Isle of Man Government’s Fisheries Directorate has earned first place at the U.K. finals of the Sustainable Seafood Awards 2011. The award is of great prestige, as it means that the Isle of Man Queen Scallop Fishing Industry manages to produce world class products while protecting the animal as a species. John Shimmin, minister for the department, said: “It is gratifying to receive this type of recognition of our efforts.” The Isle of Man Queen Scallop Fishing Industry fishes only mature queen scallops, ensuring that the younger stock remains on the seabed, repopulating the waters for future years, and preventing the endangerment and overfishing of the species.

Article Source: http://www.fishupdate.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/14784/Island_Queen_Scallop_Industry_wins_Sustainable_Seafood_Awards_2011.html

Videos

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmi_I8QW5eo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrCKsch9c1k&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyYKZgz7lEw&feature=related

Sources

"Bivalves: Bivalvia - Queen Scallop." Web. 30 Apr. 2011. .

Hickman, Cleveland P. "Molluscs." Animal Diversity. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009. 192-96. Print.

"Queen Scallop." Wikipedia. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. .

Lycosa Furcillata: The Wolf Spider

Lycosa Furcillata

Figure 1. (above and below) The Lycosa Furcillata

I. Introduction

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Superfamily: Lycosoidea
Family: Lycosidae
Genus: Lycosa
Species: furcillata

Lycosa furcillata is one of the many species of wolf spiders that we commonly find in our homes. There are over 2,000 species of spiders that carry the common name ‘wolf spider’. Wolf spiders belong to the family Lycosidae. In Ancient Greek, the word "λύκος" is translated as “wolf” and these spiders earn their name because they actively hunt down their prey. They always look like they’re on the prowl because their bodies remain low to the ground at all times. But don’t be fooled, even though they carry the name wolf, they are still very shy and scurry away at the slightest disturbance.
The Lycosa furcillata can be commonly found in gardens, homes, in leaf litter, areas of tall grass, or under stones and logs (as can be seen in figure 2).

Figure 2. A lycosae hiding in the brush.

II. Anatomy

Lycosa furcillata ranges from half an inch to two inches in length. They tend to be brown and grayish in color. They have eight eyes in all which are arranged in three rows; four on the bottom and two in the middle and on top. They are very hairy and they use their hairs to sense the environment. The wolf spider has a cephalothorax and a large abdomen.

Figure 3. Simple anatomy of a wolf spider

III. Form and Function

The wolf spider, unlike most spiders, actively hunts its prey. They have excellent vision (for a spider) and hunt well in the night and in the day. Their gray and drab coloring helps them to camouflage. Not only do they have good eyesight but they also have a good sense of touch from the multiple small hairs that cover their body, their setae. Lycosa furcillata are opportunistic feeders and feed on animals ranging cockroaches, mealworms, crickets, and small lizards.

Figure 4. A wolf spider feeding

The spider either ambushes or hunts its prey. They’ve been known to chase down their prey for short distances. They grab their prey with their front legs and bite down with their vicious jaws, or chelicerae. Their chelicerae crush the victim and venom is injected. The venom reduces the innards of the prey into a gooey liquid. The spider sucks the liquid and leaves a shriveled husk. There are cases in which wolf spiders commit “superfluous killing” where they spider kills multiple times and abandons the bodies. It is believed that this behavior is a sort of population control on the prey species.
The Lycosa furcillata is also prey to a vast range of predators; owls, coyotes, lizards, and many predatory insects. There is a type of wasp whose sting paralyzes the wolf spider. The wasp then lays its eggs into the wolf spider’s body where the baby wasps will hatch and eat the spider alive.
Reproduction can be a tricky business for males. Mating season generally occurs during spring and summer. The male will approach the female tentatively and engage her in an intricate courtship dance. If the male doesn’t make known his intentions, then the female could eat him for a meal.

Figure 5. A male starting his ritualistic courtship dance.

The female, once impregnated, will lay up to one hundred eggs in a secluded spot. However, unlike most spiders she creates a silk sac which she uses to encase the eggs. She attaches the egg sack to her abdomen, specifically her spinnerets. She defends her eggs and babies with her life. In two to three weeks the mom will take off the egg sac and rip it open. Baby spiders swarm out and clamber on top of the mom’s abdomen. They’ll remain there until their first molt. Throughout this the mother doesn’t change her hunting patterns. The young don’t feed while on their mom but they do drink dewdrops. The average life span of the Lycosa furcillata is about two years.

Figure 6. A female Lycosa furcillata with her egg sac.

Figure 7. A mother with her babies.

Unlike other animals, the spider excretes digestive enzymes in its venom. The spider has tiny hairs around and in the mouth which filters the liquefied guts. The nutrition then enters the sucking stomach and into the midgut. In the midgut, the meal is furthered digested into manageable molecules. At the end of the midgut there is a cloacal chamber where the fecal matter is stored. The fecal matter will later be expelled.

IV. Impact on the World

Lycosa furcillata and humans can easily come in close contact in Florida, especially when the spider enters into our homes. The spider only bites when handled or provoked. It does produce venom, however, the bite is only slightly painful and there are no long lasting repercussions. Other than this, the wolf spider can be very beneficial to humans because the spider can control pest populations in agriculture and home areas.

Figure 8. Wolf spider

V. Journal Article

Unfortunately, I was unable to find an article specifically on the Lycosa furcillata but I did find a super awesome article on another wolf spider.
A scientist did a study on certain chemicals that prey can pick up on that occur during feeding habits of the Hogna helluo. There were three sheets of blank paper. On one of the sheets a Hogna helluo hunted down and devoured the wolf spider Pardosa milvina. On another sheet, the Hogna helluo devoured crickets and on the third sheet was a blank control where nothing occurred.
There was a significant change in behavior in the P. milvina when on the sheets of paper. On the sheet where the Hogna helluo ate a Pardosa milvina, the living P. milvina stayed still and didn’t move. On the cricket sheet, the P. milvina elicited more activity. And on the blank sheet the P. milvina was most active. If given a choice the P. milvina chose the blank control much more often than the other two sheets where the Hogna hunting had occurred.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W9W-45BC8C3-94&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2001&_alid=1735596575&_rdoc=7&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=6693&_sort=r&_st=4&_docanchor=&_ct=13&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6731c536206da530937edeb0dc81db0f&searchtype=a

Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDDLbSYc3D4

I wasn't able to download and upload the video, sorry :(

But it is a really cool video on a Lycosa eating a katydid

Works Cited:

"FAMILY LYCOSIDAE - Wolf Spiders." Www.BrisbaneInsects.com. Web. Apr. 2011. .

Nieuwenhuys, Ed. "Wolf Spiders." XS4ALL - Internet, Bellen, Televisie En Hosting. 2009. Web. Apr. 2011. .

Olli. "Wolf Spider Mating Dance Flickr - Photo Sharing!" Welcome to Flickr - Photo Sharing. Flickr. Web. 29 Apr. 2011. .

"There Are about 40,000 Kinds of Spiders." Easygopest.com - Doing It In Just One Visit. Temidor Certified. Web. Apr. 2011. .

"Wolf Spider Lycosa Furcillata Female." Australian Venom Research Unit. Web. Apr. 2011. .

"Wolf Spider." Spider Bites. Bad Spider Bites.com. Web. Apr. 2011. .

"Wolf Spider." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wiki. Web. Apr. 2011. .

"Wolf Spiders." Entomology & Plant Pathology, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Web. Apr. 2011. .

"Wolf Spiders (Lycosidae)." Green Nature. Web. Apr. 2011. .